Layer 2

Starknet is a Layer2 scaling network built on Ethereum. Its core goal is to increase blockchain transaction throughput and lower usage costs while inheriting Ethereum’s security. As the Ethereum mainnet has increasingly faced higher gas fees and network congestion, more Layer2 networks have begun exploring different technical approaches to the scaling problem. Starknet is one of the most representative ZK Rollup networks among them.

As the Ethereum Layer 2 ecosystem expands rapidly, liquidity fragmentation and the complexity of cross-chain operations have become new challenges. The Ethereum Economic Zone (EEZ) is a technical framework designed to address these specific issues. In this article, you'll learn how EEZ works, its core technologies, and how it drives the vision of One Ethereum.

Fluent is a Layer 2 network developed on Ethereum, utilizing a Blended Execution architecture to allow applications from various virtual machines to run seamlessly on a single on-chain network.

The core difference between Fluent and Monad is that Fluent enables cross-environment execution through multi-virtual-machine fusion, while Monad pursues maximum performance by optimizing a single virtual machine.

The BLEND token is used to pay execution fees in the Fluent network, incentivize node participation, and carry governance rights. It is the core economic tool that keeps the multi-virtual-machine execution system running.

Fluent is an Ethereum Layer2 network that uses Blended Execution to unify multiple virtual machines within a single execution environment.

Arbitrum has frozen around $72 million in hacker assets, igniting debate over the boundaries between decentralization and governance. This article examines the reconstruction of DeFi trust structures through the lens of the Kelp DAO attack, cross-chain risks, on-chain governance mechanisms, and marketplace reactions.

Shibarium is a Layer 2 blockchain network developed within the Shiba Inu ecosystem, designed to expand SHIB’s use cases through lower gas fees and faster transaction speeds. By supporting decentralized finance, on-chain payments, and token burn mechanisms, Shibarium not only improves usability across the SHIB ecosystem but also links network activity directly to SHIB’s value growth, making it a key piece of infrastructure in Shiba Inu’s transition from a meme coin to an ecosystem-driven asset.

Shiba Inu (SHIB) is an Ethereum-based meme coin that was initially positioned as the “Dogecoin Killer” and quickly gained market attention through strong community momentum. With the development of ecosystem products such as Shibarium, ShibaSwap, BONE, and LEASH, SHIB has gradually evolved from a standalone meme token into an ecosystem asset with use cases in payments, governance, and DeFi.

Espresso Shared Sequencer is a shared sequencing infrastructure provided by the Espresso network. It delivers unified transaction ordering and fast confirmations for multiple Layer 2 rollups, improving cross-chain interoperability and overall network security. As the Layer 2 rollup ecosystem continues to expand, more networks are running into challenges such as sequencer centralization, difficulty coordinating across chains, and delays in transaction confirmation. Traditional rollup architectures typically rely on independent sequencers. While this improves performance, it also makes it harder for different networks to coordinate execution, which ultimately hurts the user experience for cross-chain applications.

ESP is the native token introduced by Espresso Network to support the operation of its shared sequencing layer, including node staking, security mechanisms, and ecosystem incentives. As Espresso gradually transitions toward a decentralized Proof of Stake consensus model, ESP becomes a key component in maintaining network functionality and driving ecosystem growth.

Espresso is a foundational protocol built to enhance transaction ordering and cross-chain interoperability across Layer 2 rollups through a shared sequencing layer. As modular blockchains and multi-rollup ecosystems continue to expand, Espresso plays a coordinating role by aligning transaction order and data confirmation across different Layer 2 networks, improving both efficiency and security.

Base was once seen as the Layer2 most likely to achieve widespread adoption. Yet, as user engagement declines, a core problem has emerged: robust distribution does not guarantee sustained retention. This article explores the true causes behind Base's growth struggles, examining product features, ecosystem development, and the competitive logic among L2 solutions.

Vitalik’s redefinition of the L2 role, the emergence of EEZ, and the pressure on Ethereum mainnet revenue are driving the marketplace to reevaluate ETH’s value logic. This article explores whether Ethereum is shifting from an “ecosystem city” to “financial infrastructure” by analyzing four critical aspects: scalability, interoperability, fee structure, and asset pricing.

Optimism open-sourced the OP Stack under the MIT license, winning the battle for L2 standards, but failed to retain Base due to the lack of a value-capture mechanism. As interoperability remains delayed and revenue becomes highly dependent on a single member, the structural imbalance within the alliance is fully exposed. Winning a standard does not necessarily build a moat—distribution and user relationships are the true barriers in the L2 era.